Principles of Disease

Objectives for the course

Fall 2005

INTRODUCTION

By the end of the course, you should be able to accomplish the following objectives.  Each section of the objectives tells you where you can go in the textbook to find information to help you answer the objectives.  In addition to these specific page numbers, don’t forget that the index and glossary are valuable tools to help find individual words and phrases.  Those objectives marked with an asterisk (*) can be answered completely from information in the textbook and you are expected to do these on your own, since they will not be discussed in lecture.  If time does not permit to answer all of the objectives before a test, you are required to answer them on your own!  At any point during the course, certain objectives may be required of you that are not directly written in the following pages.   Most of the objectives listed can, and should, be answered by seeking out the information in the textbook as well as in your lecture notes.

HOW TO USE THESE OBJECTIVES

           These objectives should serve as your study guide.  They have been written to help you answer the question, “What do I need to know for the examination?”  It is NOT the test, but questions on the test may be similar.

           The objectives can also serve as a course outline, since they show what we will be covering throughout the semester.  At any time during the semester, you should be able to see where we are and where we are going by finding the current object being covered.

           The objectives are intended as a way to help you integrate information you have found in your textbook with what you have written in your lecture notes.  DO NOT USE THEM AS AN OUTLINE FOR TAKING NOTES IN LECTURE.  You should take notes in lecture as you do in other courses, writing them down in your notebook as accurately and fully as possible.  In filling out the objectives, you should ask yourself, “What do my lecture notes say about this?  What does the textbook say about this?” and use this information to write down the answers to the objectives.

Chapter 1—Introduction to Pathophysiology (pgs 2-11)

1. Define the following terms:  pathophysiology, pathology, biopsy, autopsy, diagnosis, etiology, idiopathic etiology, iatrogenic etiology, predisposing factors, prevention, pathogenesis, onset of disease, acute onset of disease, insidious onset of disease, acute disease, chronic disease, subclinical state, latent state, prodomal period, manifestations of disease (both local and systemic), signs, symptoms, lesion, syndrome, diagnostic tests, remissions, exacerbations, precipitating factor, complications, therapy, sequelae, convalescence, prognosis, morbidity, mortality, epidemiology, epidemic, pandemic, incidence of disease, communicable disease, notifiable/reportable disease.  Be able to give examples where applicable.

2. Describe cellular adaptations.

3. List and describe the terms used for common changes in cells.  Give an example for each.
4. List and describe ways to damage cells
5. Define:  ischemia, necrosis, hypoxia
6. List and describe the cell damage (both initial and necrosis).
7. List and describe the various types of necrosis.

Chapter 2—Inflammation and Healing (pg 12-33)

8. Distinguish between nonspecific and specific body defenses
9. Review normal capillary exchange.
10. Describe inflammation
    1. Definition
    2. Causes
    3. Is it the same as an infection?
11. Describe the pathophysiology of acute inflammation.
12. Describe the local effects of acute inflammation.
13. List and describe the types of inflammatory exudates.
14. Describe the systemic effects of acute inflammation.
15. List and describe the diagnostic tests used for inflammation.
16. Describe the course of the inflammatory response.
17. List and describe the potential complications of acute inflammation.
18. Describe chronic inflammation pathophysiology.
19. *Compare and contrast acute and chronic inflammation.
20. List and describe the drugs that treat inflammation.
21. Describe other therapies that can treat inflammation.
22. Describe the following types of healing:
    1. Resolution
    2. Regeneration
    3. Replacement
    4. 1^st intention healing
    5. 2^nd intention healing   
23. Describe the healing process
24. List the factors that affect healing:
    1. Promoting healing
    2. Delaying healing
25. List and describe the possible complications of healing due to scar tissue formation.
26. List causes of burns.
27. List and describe the classification of burns.
28. Describe BSA.
29. Be able to calculate % of body surface used using the Rule of 9s.
30. List and describe the effects of a burn injury:
    1. Shock
    2. Respiratory problems
    3. Pain
    4. Infection
    5. Metabolic needs
31. Describe burn treatments.
32. Describe various methods of healing burns.

Chapter 3—Immunity and Abnormal Responses (Pg 34-59)

33. Give the purpose of the immune system.
34. Describe the immune response.
35. *List the components of the immune system.
36. *Define and describe antigens.
37. *List and describe the types of cells that comprise the immune system.
    1. Macrophages
    2. Lymphocytes

                                              i.     B-cells

1.     Memory B

2.     Plasma cells

                                             ii.     T-cells

1.      Killer T

2.     Helper T

3.     Memory T

4.     Suppressor T

                                            iii.     Natural Killer cells

38. *List and describe the various types of antibodies.
39. *Describe the function of chemical mediators.  Give some examples.
40. *Compare and contrast primary and secondary immune response.
41. List and describe diagnostic tests.
42. Describe the ways in which immunity is acquired.
43. Describe the four types of grafts.
44. Describe the problem with tissue and organ transplants.
45. Describe rejection in tissue and organ transplants.
46. Why can infants get heart transplants without a good match?
47. Describe the two types of rejection.
48. Describe:
    1. Hyperacute rejection
    2. Acute rejection
    3. Chronic rejection
49. Describe why immunosuppressant therapy is given to tissue/organ recipients.
50. Define:  antigen.  List some examples.
51. Describe the causative mechanism of allergies.
52. Describe the various types of allergies:
    1. Hay fever
    2. Food allergies
    3. Eczema
    4. Asthma
53. Describe anaphylactic shock:
    1. Pathophysiology
    2. Clinical signs and symptoms
54. Describe various treatments of allergies:
    1. Skin tests/shots
    2. Antihistamine
    3. Glucocorticoids
55. Define:  autoimmune disease.
56. Describe the mechanism of autoimmune diseases.
57. Describe the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus.
58. Describe the clinical signs and symptoms of SLE.
59. Describe the diagnostic tests for SLE.
60. Describe the treatment of SLE.
61. Define:  immunodeficiencies.
62. Describe primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.
63. Describe the effects of immunodeficiency.
64. Describe AIDS:
    1. Pathophysiology
    2. Why can’t the antibodies destroy all of the viral cells?
    3. Transmission
    4. Diagnostic tests
    5. Clinical signs and symptoms
    6. Treatment

Chapter 4—Infection (pgs 62-81)

65. Define:  microbiology.
66. List types of microorganisms.
67. Describe bacteria:
    1. Classification
    2. Structure
    3. Replication
68. Define:  obligate.
69. Describe viruses:
    1. Structure
    2. Replication
    3. Mutation
    4. And why they are difficult to control.
70. Describe the 2 forms of chlamydiae and diseases that are caused by it.
71. Describe how rickettsia is contracted and the diseases that it causes.
72. Describe mycoplasma.
73. Describe fungi
    1. Structure
    2. Pathogenic types

                                              i.     Diseases caused.

74. Describe protozoa.
    1. Structure
    2. Pathogenic types

                                              i.     Diseases caused

75. Describe helminthes.
    1. Structure
    2. Life cycle
    3. Types
76. Describe what is meant by resident flora.
77. List various places in which resident flora can be found in a healthy individual.
78. List various places in which resident flora should not be found.
79. Define and describe reservoir.
80. List and describe modes of transmission from reservoir to new host.
81. List factors that decrease host resistance.
82. Define:  pathogenicity, virulence.
83. Describe the 4 things that virulence is based on.
84. List and describe ways to break the cycle and minimize risk of infection.
85. Describe the onset and course of an infection
    1. Incubation period
    2. Prodomal period
    3. Acute period
86. Describe the local and systemic signs of an infection.
87. List and describe diagnostic tests used for infection.
88. List and describe the guidelines for antimicrobial use.
89. List and describe the classification of drugs for infection.
90. Distinguish between:  bactericidial and bacteriostatic; narrow vs. broad spectrum.
91. Describe the mode of action of:
    1. Antibacterial drugs
    2. Antiviral drugs
    3. Antifungal agents.
92. Describe Influenza:
    1. RNA or DNA?
    2. Effects
    3. Common secondary infection
    4. Signs and symptoms
    5. Treatment
    6. At risk groups

Chapter 5—Neoplasms (pgs 84-103)

93. *Review normal cells.
94. Define:  atypical and neoplasm.
95. Describe the nomenclature of neoplasms.  Give examples.
96. List and describe the characteristics of benign tumors.
97. List and describe the characteristics of malignant tumors.
98. *Compare and contrast benign and malignant tumors.
99. Describe the pathophysiology of malignant tumors.
100. Define:  in situ.
101. Describe the effects of malignant tumors.
102. List and describe the local effects of tumors.
103. List and describe the systemic effects of cancer.
104. List and describe diagnostic tests for cancer.
105. List and describe the 3 basic mechanisms for spreading of malignant tumors.
106. Describe the classification process of staging cancer.
107. When is cancer staged?
108. *Describe the 4 stages of breast cancer from Table 5-3 on pg 92.
109. Describe the etiology of cancer.
     1. Carcinogenesis

                                              i.     Stages of carcinogenesis

2. Risk factors and prevention
3. Host defenses
109. Describe the various methods of treating cancer.
     1. Curative
     2. Palliative
     3. Prophalytic
     4. Surgery

                                              i.     Why are the lymph nodes removed as well?

5. Chemotherapy

                                              i.     What it consists of

                                             ii.     How it works

                                            iii.     Methods of administration

                                           iv.     Adverse effects

6. Radiation

                                              i.     What is consists of

                                             ii.     How it works

                                            iii.     Methods of administration

                                           iv.     Adverse effects

7. Other drugs (functions)

                                              i.     Hormones

                                             ii.     Biologic response modifiers

                                            iii.     Angiogenesis inhibitor drug

                                           iv.     Analgesics

8. Nutrition
110. Define:  cure in relation to cancer.
111. Describe prognosis in relation to cancer.
112. Describe:
     1. Skin cancer
     2. Ovarian cancer
     3. Brain tumors

Chapter 6—Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances (pgs 104-127)

114. Review of fluid balance
     1. Fluid compartments
     2. Movement of water

                                              i.     Filtration

                                             ii.     Osmosis

                                            iii.     Osmotic pressure

                                           iv.     Hydrostatic pressure

3. Control of fluid balance through:

                                              i.     Hypothalamus

                                             ii.     ADH

                                            iii.     Aldosterone

115. Describe the 3 types of excess fluid that occurs in the extracellular compartment.
116. Describe edema:

a.     Causes of edema

b.     Effects of edema       

117. Describe dehydration:

a.     Isotonic

b.     Hypotonic

c.     Hypertonic

d.     Causes of dehydration

e.     Effects of dehydration

118. Describe what is meant by “third-spacing”.
119. Review of sodium ions

a.     Location

b.     Types of transport

c.     Forms it exists in

d.     Ingestion

e.     Controls

f.      Importance of maintaining levels

120. Describe hyponatremia

a.     Serum level

b.     Causes

c.     Effects

121. Describe hypernatremia

a.     Serum levels

b.     Causes

c.     Effects

122. Review of potassium ions

a.     Location

b.     Ingestion/excretion

c.     Acidosis/alkalosis

d.     Importance of maintaining levels

123. Describe hypokalemia and hyperkalemia:

a.     Serum levels

b.     Causes

c.     Effects

124. Review of calcium ions:

a.     Location

b.     Ingestion/excretion

c.     Controls of balance

d.     Important functions

125. Describe hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia:

a.     Serum levels

b.     Causes

c.     Effects

126. Review of acid-base balance

a.     Importance of maintaining

b.     Acidosis

c.     Alkalosis

d.     Nonvolative metabolic needs

127. List and describe the mechanisms of controlling serum pH.

a.     Buffer systems

                                              i.     Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system

b.     Respiratory system

c.     Renal system

128. Describe acid-base imbalances

a.     The 4 types

b.     Compensation

c.     Decompensation

d.     Acidosis:

                                              i.     Causes

1.     respiratory acidosis

2.     metabolic acidosis

                                             ii.     Effects

e.     Alkalosis:

                                              i.     Causes

1.     respiratory

2.     metabolic

                                             ii.     Effects

Chapter 16—Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies (218-230)

129. Define:  pharmacology.
130. List the two sources of drugs.
131. Define:  drug.
132. List the reasons that drugs are prescribed.  Provide an example for each reason.
133. Describe the 3 types of drug effects.
134. Know the difference between indications and contraindications.
135. Know the difference between side effects and adverse effects.
136. List and describe the specific forms of adverse effects.
137. Define:  synergism, antagonism, potentiation.
138. Define:  dosage.
139. Know the factor that is important in maintaining appropriate blood levels.
140. Know the three factors that dosage scheduling is based on.
141. List and describe all factors that affect blood levels of the drug.
142. List the routes for administration.
143. Describe drug circulation.
144. Describe drug absorption, distribution, and excretion.
145. List the natural substances that receptors respond to.
146. List the 2 types of receptor sites in cells or on cell membranes.
147. Define:  prescription.
148. List the information that a prescription must contain.
149. Describe the names for drugs.
150. Describe the role of the FDA.
151. Describe official schedules.
152. Describe the process of clinical research.
153. Describe the roles of the following in the healing process:
     1. Physiotherapist
     2. Occupational therapist
     3. Speech/language pathologist
     4. Nutritionist/dietitian
154. Describe what is meant by “alternative therapies”.
155. Define:  holistic approach.
156. Describe the following alternative therapies in the healing process:
     1. Osteopathy
     2. Chiropractic
     3. Homeopathy
     4. Aromatherapy
157. Describe what the Asian concept of disease is based on.
158. List the three sources that qi is derived from.
159. Define:  yin, yang.
160. Describe meridians and acupoints.
161. Describe acupuncture.

Chapter 13—Pain (pgs 190-201)

162. List several causes of pain.
163. Describe the pain pathway.
164. Describe why pain is not easily understood.
165. Describe the theory of pain
     1. Gate control theory

                                              i.     Open gates

                                             ii.     Closed gates

166. Describe opioid function.  List some examples.
167. List some details useful in diagnosing the severity and cause of pain.
168. Define:  referred pain.
169. List and describe factors that affect pain perception and response.
170. List the characteristics of acute pain.
171. List the characteristics of chronic pain.

172.   For each of the following types of headache:  be able to determine the location of origin, cause, effects.

1. Sinus headache
2. Tension headache
3. TMJ syndrome
4. Migraines
5. Intracranial headaches

173.   Describe methods for managing pain.  Know some medications for each type of pain

1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
173. Describe the different types of anesthesia.

Chapter 7—Congenital and Genetic Disorders (pgs 132-143)

175.   Define:  chromosomes, autosomes, karyotype, meiosis, genes, allele, genotype, mitosis, mutation.

176. Define:  congenital defect.
177. List the three types of genetic disorders.

178.   Describe how single gene disorders are classified.  Make sure to include the names of the classifications. Know some examples of diseases of each type of single gene disorders.

1. Is there a risk present for each pregnancy?
2. Is the effect limited or widespread?
3. Be able to do or interpret a Punnett square for each type of single gene disorder.
178. Chromosomal defects
     1. Know some examples
     2. Describe what leads to these defects.
179. Multifactoral defects
     1. Know some examples
     2. Describe what they are.
180. Be able to interpret a family pedigree.
181. Describe developmental disorders.
     1. Define:  teratogen
     2. Know the time period that is essential to embryonic development.

                                              i.     Know why that time period is essential.

183.   List and describe diagnostic tools used for congenital and genetic disorders.  Include an example of what the tool would test for.

1. Screening programs
2. Prenatal screening—list types
3. Neonate screening
183. Describe the process of genetic engineering and gene therapy.

185.   List some possible causes of Down’s syndrome and why the chances increase with maternal age.

186. List some physical characteristics of Down’s syndrome.

Chapter 18—Cardiovascular Disorders (pgs 258-308)

187. List and describe the types of diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function.
188. List and describe the general treatment measures for cardiac disorders.
189. List and describe the types of drug therapy for cardiac disorders.
190. Describe the pathophysiology of arteriosclerosis.
191. Describe atherosclerosis:
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Diagnostic tests
     4. Treatment
192. Describe MI:
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Signs and symptoms
     3. Diagnostic tests
     4. Complications
     5. Treatment
193. Describe cardiac arrhythmias.
194. Describe sinus node abnormalities.
195. Describe atrial conduction abnormalities.
196. Describe treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
197. Describe cardiac arrest.
198. Describe CHF:
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment
199. Describe hypertension:
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
200. Describe shock:

a.     Pathophysiology

b.     Etiology

                                              i.     *Compare and contrast the 4 types

c.     Signs and symptoms

d.     Treatment

Chapter 17—Blood and Lymphatic Disorders (pgs 232-257)

201. List and describe the blood diagnostic tests.
202. List and describe types of blood therapies.
203. Describe the results of oxygen deficiency.
204. Describe iron deficiency anemia:
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment
205. Describe sickle cell anemia:
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnosis
     5. Treatment
206. Describe blood clotting disorders:
     1. Warning signs
     2. Causes of excessive bleeding
207. Describe leukemia:
     1. Pathophysiology

                                              i.     Acute vs. chronic leukemia

                                             ii.     Types of leukemia

2. Etiology
3. Signs and symptoms

                                              i.     Acute

                                             ii.     Chronic

4. Diagnostic tests
5. Treatment
207. Describe lymphoma
     1. Hodgkin’s vs. non-Hodgkin’s
     2. Pathophysiology
     3. Staging
     4. Signs and symptoms
     5. Treatment

Chapter 19—Respiratory Disorders (pgs 310-360)

209. List and describe the types of diagnostic tests.
210. List and describe the general manifestations of respiratory disease.
211. List the causes of hypoxia.
212. Describe the common cold.
213. Describe sinusitis.
214. Describe bronchiolitis.
215. Describe pneumonia:
     1. Classification
     2. Stages
     3. Manifestations
     4. Treatment
216. Describe lung cancer:
     1. Types
     2. Pathophysiology
     3. Effects of tumors
     4. Etiology
     5. Signs and symptoms

                                              i.     Categories

6. Diagnostic tests
7. Treatment
216. Describe asthma:
     1. Pathophysiology

                                              i.     Acute attack

                                             ii.     Extrinsic asthma

                                            iii.     Partial obstruction

                                           iv.     Total obstruction

2. Etiology
3. Signs and symptoms
4. Treatment
217. Describe COPD.
218. Describe emphysema:
     1. Pathophysiology

                                              i.     Contributing factors

                                             ii.     Effects of tissue changes on lung function

2. Etiology
3. Signs and symptoms
4. Diagnostic tests
5. Treatment
219. Describe chronic bronchitis:
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment

Chapter 20—Digestive System Disorders (362-419)

221. Describe the common manifestations of digestive system disorders
     1. Anorexia
     2. Nausea
     3. Vomiting
     4. Diarrhea

                                              i.     Classification

5. Constipation
6. Pain
7. Malnutrition
221. List and describe the basic diagnostic tests.
222. List and describe the common therapies.
223. List and describe drug treatment.
224. Describe a hiatal hernia:
     1. The 2 types
     2. Contributing factors
     3. Signs
     4. Describe gastroesophageal reflux disease
225. Describe gastroenteritis.
226. Describe peptic ulcers:
     1. Distinguish between gastric and duodenal ulcers
     2. Pathophysiology
     3. Etiology
     4. Signs and symptoms
     5. Treatment
227. Describe gallstones:
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
228. Describe viral hepatitis
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology

                                              i.     HAV

                                             ii.     HBV

                                            iii.     HCV

                                           iv.     HDV

                                             v.     HEV

3. Signs and symptoms
4. Treatment
229. Describe colorectal cancer
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment

Chapter 25—Endocrine Disorders (pgs 524-548)

231. Describe diagnostic tests
232. Describe treatment
233. Describe insulin and diabetes mellitus
     1. Compare type I and type II diabetes
     2. Pathophysiology

                                              i.     Initial stage

                                             ii.     Progressive effects

3. Signs and symptoms
4. Diagnostic tests
5. Various treatment methods
6. Complications

                                              i.     Acute complications

1.     hypoglycemia

2.     diabetic ketoacidosis

                                             ii.     chronic

1.     vascular problems

2.     neuropathy

3.     infections

4.     cataracts

5.     pregnancy

Chapter 21—Urinary System Disorders (pgs 420-445)

234. Define and describe incontinence.
235. Define and describe retention.
236. Describe the function of a catheter.
237. Describe the various diagnostic tests:

a.     Urinalysis

b.     Blood tests

c.     Other tests

238. Describe the function of diuretic drugs.
239. Describe the function of dialysis.
240. List and describe the 2 types of dialysis.
241. Describe a urinary tract infection:

a.     Etiology

b.     Cystitis

                                              i.     Pathophysiology

                                             ii.     Signs and symptoms

c.     Pyelonephritis

                                              i.     Pathophysiology

                                             ii.     Signs and symptoms

d.     Treatment

242. Describe glomerulonephritis:

a.     Pathophysiology

b.     Signs and symptoms

c.     Diagnostic tests

d.     Treatment

243. Describe urolithiasis:

a.     Pathophysiology

b.     Signs and symptoms

c.     Treatment

244. Describe renal cell carcinoma.
245. Describe acute renal failure:

a.     Pathophysiology

b.     Etiology

c.     Treatment

246. Describe chronic renal failure:

a.     Pathophysiology

b.     Signs and symptoms

c.     Diagnostic tests

d.     Treatment

Chapter 26—Musculoskeletal Disorders (pgs 550-571)

247. Describe diagnostic tests
248. Describe fractures
     1. Classification
     2. Pathophysiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment
249. Describe dislocations
250. Describe sprains and strains
251. Describe osteoporosis
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Treatment
252. Describe osteoarthritis
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
253. Describe rheumatoid arthritis
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment

Chapter 28—Reproductive System Disorders (pgs 592-622)

254. Describe infertility in males
255. Describe benign prostatic hypertrophy
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Signs and symptoms
     3. Treatment
256. Describe prostate cancer
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment
257. Describe infertility in females
258. Describe structural abnormalities in females
259. Describe endometriosis
260. Describe pelvic inflammatory disease
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
261. Describe ovarian cysts
262. Describe breast cancer
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
263. Describe cervical cancer
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
264. Describe uterine cancer
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment

Chapter 22—Acute Neurologic Disorders (pgs 446-487)

265. Be able to describe the general effects of neurologic dysfunction
     1. Local (focal) effects
     2. Supratentorial and infratentorial lesions
     3. Right and left hemispheres
     4. Level of consciousness
     5. Motor dysfunction
     6. Sensory deficits
     7. Visual loss
     8. Language disorders
     9. Seizures
     10. Increased intracranial pressure

                                              i.     Early signs

                                             ii.     Vital signs

                                            iii.     Visual signs

                                           iv.     Changes in CSF

11. Herniation
265. Be able to describe diagnostic tests.
266. Describe brain tumors
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
267. Describe the following vascular disorders:
     1. Cerebrovascular accidents

                                              i.     Pathophysiology

                                             ii.     Etiology

                                            iii.     Treatment

2. Cerebral aneurysms

                                              i.     Pathophysiology

                                             ii.     Signs and symptoms

                                            iii.     Treatment

269. Describe meningitis
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment
270. Describe head injuries
     1. The various types
     2. Pathophysiology
     3. Etiology
     4. Signs and symptoms
     5. Treatment
271. Describe spinal cord injuries
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment

Chapter 23—Chronic Neurologic Disorders (pgs 488-507)

272. Describe cerebral palsy
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
273. Seizure disorders
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms

                                              i.     Generalized seizures

                                             ii.     Partial seizures

4. Treatment
273. Describe multiple sclerosis
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment
274. Describe Parkinson’s disease
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
275. Describe Huntington’s disease
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment
276. Describe Alzheimer’s disease
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
277. Describe schizophrenia
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
278. Describe depression
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Signs and symptoms
     3. Treatment
279. Describe panic disorder
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Signs and symptoms
     3. Treatment
280. Describe herniated intervertebral discs
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Diagnostic tests
     5. Treatment

Chapter 24—Disorders of the Eye and Ear (pgs 508-522)

282. Describe the types of diagnostic tests for eyes
283. Describe the various types of structural defects that occur in the eye
284. Describe infections and trauma
     1. Conjunctivitis
     2. Stye
     3. Trauma to cornea
285. Describe glaucoma
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
286. Describe cataracts
287. Describe detached retina
288. Describe macular degeneration
289. Describe hearing loss and differentiate between the two types
290. Describe otitis media
     1. Pathophysiology
     2. Etiology
     3. Signs and symptoms
     4. Treatment
291. Describe otitis externa.